Vitamin D deficiency and visceral adipose tissue in early pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess the correlation between vitamin D serum level and visceral fat tissue during early pregnancy. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in Pernambuco, Brazil. 190 low risk pregnant women (8-16 gestational weeks) were eligible. Visceral adipose tissue was measured by ultrasonography following the technique described by Armellini. The 25(OH) D in serum was determined through chemiluminescence. The Spearman correlation test was applied to evaluate the correlation between vitamin D serum level and VAT, considering p < 0.05 to be significant. RESULTS: Vitamin D insufficiency was present in 129 (67.8 %) of subjects. Pregnant women with or without vitamin D deficiency did not differ in age, gestational age, nutritional status and visceral adipose tissue. No correlation between visceral adipose tissue and 25(OH) D was observed: - 0.057 (p = 0.435). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal visceral adipose tissue and vitamin D serum level are not correlated during pregnancy.

Tracheostomy in children: Recommendations for a safer technique.

Over the last few decades, tracheostomy has been increasingly performed in children with various complex and chronic conditions. We have seen a dramatic change in indications for tracheostomy in pediatric patients due to better survival of premature infants and those suffering from severe congenital anomalies. There is no consensus about the timing of tracheostomy in pediatric patients. Although percutaneous tracheostomy has become the standard of care for adults, there is not sufficient evidence to start performing it routinely in pediatric patients. The indications, preoperative considerations, and different procedures for tracheostomy in children are reviewed. Surgical tracheostomy is described step by step placing an emphasis on safety measures to minimize complications. There is also a great variability in tracheostomy care protocols in the literature. Post-operative tracheostomy care is discussed for the early and late post-operative periods. There is no general consensus on decannulation protocols, but prevailing expert opinion is presented. There is growing evidence in support for an interdisciplinary approach to pediatric tracheostomized patients. The focus of this paper is the review of the literature regarding safety improvement strategies from the surgical and post-operative point of view.

Morfología de la curva audiométrica en la enfermedad de Ménière al momento del diagnóstico / Audiometric curve configurations in Ménière disease at the first visit / Morfologia do desenho audiometrico na doença de Ménière no momento do diagnostico

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Ménière es una vestibulopatía frecuente que se manifiesta con crisis de vértigo, acúfenos, plenitud aural y pérdida auditiva neurosensorial. La hipoacusia es un síntoma fundamental para realizar el diagnóstico y se puede presentar de diversas formas. OBJETIVO: Describir las morfologías de las curvas audiométricas de los pacientes con enfermedad de Méniére al momento del diagnóstico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo. Se evaluaron 99 pacientes. Se les realizaron estudios audiométricos y se registró el umbral tonal medio, el estadio correspondiente, la presencia de hipoacusia conductiva y la morfología de la curva audiométrica...

INTRODUCTION: Ménière disease is a frequent vestibular desorder that causes vertigo attacks, tinnitus, aural fullness and sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing loss is an essential symptom to get certain diagnosis and it can appear in several shapes. OBJECTIVE: to describe the configurations of the audiometric curves of patients with Ménière desease at the first visit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study included 99 patients. Audiometric studies were performed and mean tonal thresholds, corresponding stage, conductive hearing loss and audiometric curve configurations were recorded…

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Ménière é uma vestibulopatia freqüente que se manifesta com crise de vertigem, zumbido, plenitude aural e perda auditiva neurossensorial. A perda de audição é um sintoma fundamental para fazer o diagnóstico mais pode se apresentar com muitas formas. OBJETIVO: Descrever as morfologias das curvas audiométricas em pacientes com doença de Méniére no momento do diagnóstico. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo. 99 pacientes foram avaliados. Estudos audiológicos foram feitos e o limiar tonal meia, o estágio, a presença de perda auditiva condutiva e o desenho da curva audiométrica foram analisados...

Characterization of caesarean deliveries in primiparous women: a cross-sectional study / Caracterização dos partos cesarianas em primíparas: um estudo transversal

The objective of the study was to describe as characteristics of caesarean births of primiparous women in a hospital in the São Francisco Valley in the year 2013. Descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study with 101 pregnant women undergoing caesarean section. The data were collected from the patients' medical records using a form and analyzed through the EPI INFO 3.7 program. It was observed that the mean age of the primiparous women was 21 years, 96.3% were brown, 69.3% had a partner, and 49.4% had 12 or more years of education. Pre-eclampsia (15.84%) and progression dystocia (14.85%) were the main referrals for caesarean section. Of those surveyed, 80% had no previous risk factor. However, 27.6% had hypertensive complications, 7.9% had hemorrhagic complications, and 9.9% already needed ICU admission. Characteristics of the studied population were young women with a partner, good schooling, brown and prenatal. The main referrals for a caesarean section were: pre-eclampsia and progression dystocia, although they did not have any previous risk factor, they presented hemorrhage and hypertensive disease as a complication, and were admitted to the ICU was the most frequently found maternal morbidity condition

Descrever as características dos partos cesarianos de primíparas em um hospital do Vale São Francisco no ano de 2013. Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal com 101 gestantes submetidas à cesariana. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários por meio de um formulário, e analisados através do programa EPI-INFO 3.7. Observou-se que a idade média das primíparas era de 21 anos, 96,3% eram da cor parda, 69,3% apresentavam companheiro e 49,4% tinham 12 ou mais anos de estudo. A pré-eclâmpsia (15,84%) e a distócia de progressão (14,85%) foram as principais indicações de cesariana. Das pesquisadas 80% não apresentavam fator de risco prévio. Contudo, 27,6% tiveram complicação hipertensiva e 7,9% complicação hemorrágica. Já 9,9 % necessitaram de internação em UTI. Foram características da população estudada mulheres jovens com companheiro, boa escolaridade, de cor parda e que realizaram pré-natal. As principais indicações de cesariana foram: pré-eclâmpsia e a distócia de progressão, apesar de não possuirem fator de risco prévio, apresentaram hemorragia e doença hipertensiva como complicação e tiveram a internação em UTI foi à condição de morbidade materna mais encontrada.

Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome.

Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

The endoscopic transseptal approach for choanal atresia repair.

BACKGROUND: There are many standard repair options for choanal atresia including puncture, dilatation and drilling of the atretic plate. Most of these techniques involve postoperative stenting, which may promote granulation and scarring, with possible progression to restenosis. This article describes a novel approach for choanal atresia repair without postoperative stenting. METHODS: This article describes our experience with this choanal atresia repair technique utilized in 16 pediatric patients and 1 adult patient across multiple tertiary pediatric and rhinology centers during 2008 through 2015. Seven cases were bilateral and 10 were unilateral. Surgery was performed using an endoscopic transseptal approach with preservation of the mucosa and creation of flaps. No stents or packing was used. The main outcome measures were: response to treatment based on endoscopic examination, need for further revision and incidence of complications. RESULTS: All patients underwent routine postoperative endoscopic inspection of their nasal cavity, postnasal space, and assessment of neochoanal patency. The neochoanae of all patients remained patent to a minimum follow-up duration of 9 months with most patients follow up for 2 years or more. Two neonatal patients required transfusion postoperation from intraoperative bleeding. Two pediatric patients developed postoperative respiratory complications. One patient required revision surgery for nasal vestibule scarring from incision made on the nasal alar to facilitate the initial endoscopic approach. CONCLUSION: This novel endoscopic transseptal repair technique is effective in the management of choanal atresia. Careful fashioning of mucosal flaps and the omission of stenting has resulted in lasting patency of the neochoanae.

Use of Thymoglobulin® (antithymocyte immunoglobulin) in renal transplantation: practical guide.

The combination of immunosuppressive drugs is part of the treatment regimen of patients undergoing kidney transplantation (RT). Thymoglobulin®, a rabbit immunoglobulin directed against human thymocytes, is the most commonly agent used for induction therapy in RT in the US. In Brazil, Thymoglobulin® is approved by ANVISA for the use in patients who underwent kidney transplantation and despite being widely used, there are controversies regarding the drug administration. We prepared a systematic review of the literature, evaluating studies that used Thymoglobulin® for induction and for acute rejection treatment in patients undergoing RT. The review used the computadorized databases of EMBASE, LILACS and MedLine. Data were extracted from the studies concerning general features, methodological characteristics and variables analyzed in each study. From the results, a practical guide was prepared analyzing various aspects on the use of Thymoglobulin® in patients submitted to RT.

Guia prático para usar Thymoglobuline® (globulina antitimócito) em transplante renal / Use of Thymoglobulin® (antithymocyte immunoglobulin) in renal transplantation: practical guide

Resumo A combinação de imunossupressores faz parte do protocolo de tratamento de pacientes submetidos a um transplante renal (TR). A Thymoglobuline®, imunoglobulina policlonal de coelho dirigida contra timócitos humanos, é o agente mais usado como terapia de indução no TR nos Estados Unidos. No Brasil, a Thymoglobuline® está aprovada para uso em pacientes que foram submetidos a transplante e, apesar de ser amplamente utilizada, ainda existem controvérsias em relação ao seu modo de uso. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática da literatura avaliando os estudos que utilizaram a Thymoglobuline® na indução e no tratamento de rejeição em pacientes submetidos ao TR. A revisão utilizou os bancos de dados computadorizados da EMBASE, LILACS e MedLine e dos trabalhos selecionados foram extraídas informações sobre os dados gerais dos pacientes, as características metodológicas e as variáveis analisadas em cada estudo. Dos resultados obtidos, desenvolvemos um guia prático sobre o uso de Thymoglobuline® em pacientes transplantados renais.

Abstract The combination of immunosuppressive drugs is part of the treatment regimen of patients undergoing kidney transplantation (RT). Thymoglobulin®, a rabbit immunoglobulin directed against human thymocytes, is the most commonly agent used for induction therapy in RT in the US. In Brazil, Thymoglobulin® is approved by ANVISA for the use in patients who underwent kidney transplantation and despite being widely used, there are controversies regarding the drug administration. We prepared a systematic review of the literature, evaluating studies that used Thymoglobulin® for induction and for acute rejection treatment in patients undergoing RT. The review used the computadorized databases of EMBASE, LILACS and MedLine. Data were extracted from the studies concerning general features, methodological characteristics and variables analyzed in each study. From the results, a practical guide was prepared analyzing various aspects on the use of Thymoglobulin® in patients submitted to RT.

Characteristics of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST258) clinical isolates from outbreaks in 2 Mexican medical centers.

The KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 258 (ST258) is an important pathogen widely spread in nosocomial infections. In this study, we identified the KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae clinical isolates of 2 unrelated outbreaks that corresponded to pandemic strain ST258. The isolates showed high resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, quinolones, and colistin. The KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae isolates were compared to the previously studied KPC-3-producing K. pneumoniae isolates from an outbreak in Mexico; they showed an unrelated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis fingerprinting pattern and a different plasmid profile. The KPC-2 carbapenemase gene was identified in two 230- and 270-kb non-conjugative plasmids; however, 1 isolate transferred the KPC-2 gene onto an 80-kb plasmid. These findings endorse the need of carrying out a continuous molecular epidemiological surveillance of carbapenem-resistant isolates in hospitals in Mexico.

Factors associated with severe maternal morbidity and near miss in the São Francisco Valley, Brazil: a retrospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal mortality remains a major public health issue worldwide, with persistent high rates prevailing principally in underdeveloped countries. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for severe maternal morbidity and near miss (SMM/NM) in pregnant and postpartum women at the maternity ward of the Dom Malan Hospital, Petrolina, in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective, cohort study was conducted to evaluate the sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of the women. Patients who remained hospitalized at the end of the study period were excluded. Risk ratios (RR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated as a measure of relative risk. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression was also performed. Two-tailed p-values were used for all the tests and the significance level adopted was 5%. RESULTS: A total of 2,291 pregnant or postpartum women receiving care between May and August, 2011 were included. The frequencies of severe maternal morbidity and near miss were 17.5% and 1.0%, respectively. Following multivariate analysis, the factors that remained significantly associated with an increased risk of SMM/NM were a Cesarean section in the current pregnancy (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 2.0 - 3.3), clinical comorbidities (OR: 3.4; 95% CI: 2.5 - 4.4), having attended fewer than six prenatal visits (OR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.69) and the presence of the third delay (i.e. delay in receiving care at the health facility) (OR: 13.3; 95% CI: 6.7 - 26.4). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of SMM/NM was greater in women who had been submitted to a Cesarean section in the current pregnancy, in the presence of clinical comorbidities, fewer prenatal visits and when the third delay was present. All these factors could be minimized by initiating a broad debate on healthcare policies, introducing preventive measures and improving the training of the professionals and services providing obstetric care.

Hipotiroidismo congénito, un tema vigente. ¿Qué pasa con prematuros y gemelares? / Congenital hypothyroidism, a theme force. What about premature and twin?

El hipotiroidismo congénito (HC) fue la primera enfermedad estudiada en Uruguay por un Programa Nacional de Pesquisa Neonatal (PNPN) de forma obligatoria, a partir del decreto 183/94. El no tratamiento oportuno del HC causa severo retardomental y físico, por lo que la implementación de la pesquisa así como el tratamiento tuvieron buena acogida en los ámbitos de pediatría y endocrinología. Desde el comienzo se observó que los niños prematuros, y/o con retardo de crecimiento podían dar falsos negativos, por lo que se comenzó a solicitar una segunda muestra a los 20 días de nacidos. Posteriormente, y a propósito de un caso, se comenzóa solicitar también una segunda muestra a los gemelares. El propósito del presente trabajo es presentar los casos de HC detectados que en la primera muestra dieron negativos y se detectaron en la segunda muestra...

Potencial nutracéutico del aceite de la almendra de choibá o almendro de montaña (Dipteryx oleifera Benth.) / Nutraceutical potential of Choibá almond oil or mountain almond (Dipteryx oleifera Benth.)

Introducción: el fruto del choibá (Dipteryx oleifera Benth.) se ha usado en la alimentación de comunidades indígenas y campesinas en Centroamérica y Suramérica, para preparar dulces y bebidas. Sin embargo, no se conocen las propiedades de sus lípidos, como son la composición en ácidos grasos, los índices de calidad, la estabilidad oxidativa y actividad antioxidante. Objetivos: determinar en semillas de choibá, el contenido de ácidos grasos, índices de calidad, la estabilidad oxidativa a 50 °C y la capacidad antioxidante del aceite. Métodos: los ácidos grasos se determinaron por cromatografía gaseosa de masas. Los índices de calidad por las normas del Association of Official Analytical Chemists y la estabilidad oxidativa mediante la evaluación de dienos conjugados espectrofométricamente y especies reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARs) por fluorimetría. La capacidad antioxidante de los lípidos se analizó con las técnicas del ABTS [ácido 2,2´-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazoline-6-sulfónico)], DPPH (radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidracilo) y ORAC (capacidad antioxidante de los radicales de oxígeno) lipofílica. Resultados: el ácido oleico contribuyó con 52,4 % de los lípidos totales. Los índices de calidad fueron: acidez (0,4 mg KOH/g aceite), saponificación (182 mg KOH/g aceite), peróxido (12,5 mEq O2/g) y yodo (85 mg I2/g aceite), y la actividad antioxidante reportó un valor de 808,9 µmol Tx/g de aceite. Conclusiones: los lípidos presentan características fisicoquímicas y un contenido de ácido oleico similar al aceite de colza (56-58 %). Los índices de calidad del aceite se encuentran en los rangos permitidos por la American Official Methods Analytical Chemistry para aceites alimenticios. El valor de la capacidad antioxidante de los radicales de oxígeno encontrado es similar a los reportados para nueces y pistachos.

Introduction: choibá fruit (Dipteryx oleifera Benth.) has been used in the diet of indigenous communities and peasants in Central and South America to prepare sweets and drinks. However, their lipid properties such as fatty acid composition, quality index, oxidative stability and antioxidant activity are not known. Objective: to determine the fatty acid content, quality index, oxidative stability at 50 °C and the antioxidant capacity of the oil in Choibá seeds. Methods: fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography of the mass. The quality indices were also determined by AOAC standards (Association of Official Analytical Chemists); oxidative stability by evaluating spectrophotometrically conjugated dienes; and tiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARs) by fluorimetry. The antioxidant capacities of lipids were analyzed with techniques ABTS 2,29-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-6-sulfonic, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) lipophilic. Results: oleic acid contributed to the 52.4 % of the total lipids. The quality indexes were: acidity (0.4 mg KOH/g oil), saponification (182 mg KOH/g oil), peroxide (12.5 mEq O2/g) and iodine (85 mg I2/g oil) and the antioxidant activity reported a value of Tx 808.9 µmol/g oil. Conclusions: lipids have physicochemical characteristics and oleic acid content similar to rapeseed oil (56-58 %). The oil quality indexes are in the range allowed by the AOAC for dietary oils. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity value found is similar to those reported for walnuts and almonds.

Espinha bífida: conceitos atuais / Spina bifida: current concepts

As malformações do sistema nervoso central têm alta incidência, de 5 a 10 por 1000 nascidos vivos, sendo muito freqüentes os defeitos abertos do tubo neural, de 1 a 1,5:1000 nascimentos. O diagnóstico pré-natal combinado, através da ultra-sonografia, dosagem de alfa-fetoproteína e a eletroforese de acetilcolinesterase pode levar à detecção de 100 porcento dos casos de anencefalia e espinha bífida aberta. A correção cirúrgica intra-útero tem sido preconizada mais recentemente com o intuito não só de diminuir as seqüelas decorrentes da hidrocefalia, como também de diminuir as seqüelas motoras dos membros. Entretanto, futuros estudos são necessários para confirmar esta hipótese. Na atualidade, vem ocorrendo uma diminuição significativa da incidência de espinha bífida, devido principalmente aos programas de enriquecimento de alimentos e orientação sobre o uso do ácido fólico para a prevenção dos defeitos de fechamento do tubo neural.

Changes in P-wave after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty in patients with mitral stenosis and left atrial enlargement.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential clinical, echocardiographic and/or hemodynamic predictors of the regression of electrocardiographic (ECG) signs of left atrial enlargement (LAE) after successful percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV). METHODS: We studied 24 patients (75% female, mean age =37.1 +/- 11.9 years) with moderate to severe mitral stenosis (MS), sinus rhythm (SR) and ECG signs of LAE who underwent successful PMV between 2002 and 2004. At least 6 months after the procedure (388.2 +/- 192.9 days), the patients returned for clinical, ECG and echocardiographic follow-up. They were then divided in 2 groups: patients of group 1 (n = 8; 33.3%) still had ECG signs of LAE, and patients of group 2 (n = 16; 66.6%), had normal P wave. A multivariate analysis of clinical, ECG, echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables was performed. RESULTS: The mitral valve area (MVA) increased from 1.12 +/- 0.15 cm2 to 1.9 +/- 0.35 cm2 immediately after the procedure (p < 0.0001) and decreased to 1.89 +/- 0.41 cm2 at follow-up (p = NS). Left atrium diameter decreased from 48 +/- 2.9 mm pre-procedure to 43 +/- 4.8 mm at follow-up (p = 0.0001). P-wave duration decreased from 0.12 +/- 0.01 sec pre-PMV to 0.09 +/- 0.02 sec at follow-up (p = 0.0001). An MVA > or = 1.7 cm2 at follow-up was the only independent predictor of a normal P-wave after PMV (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: ECG changes suggestive of LAE regress in the majority of patients with MS and sinus rhythm that undergo a successful PMV. An MVA > or = 1.7 cm2 at late follow-up was found to be an independent predictor of such normalization.

Evolução da onda P do eletrocardiograma após valvoplastia mitral em pacientes portadores de sobrecarga atrial esquerda / Changes in P-wave after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty in patients with mitral stenosis and left atrial enlargement

OBJETIVO: Investigar potenciais preditores clínicos, ecocardiográficos e/ou hemodinâmicos de regressão de sinais eletrocardiográficos (ECG) de sobrecarga atrial esquerda (SAE) após valvoplastia mitral percutânea (VMP) com sucesso. MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se 24 pacientes (75 por cento do sexo feminino, idade média 37,1 ± 11,9 anos) com estenose mitral moderada a grave, ritmo sinusal (RS) e sinais de SAE no ECG, submetidos a VMP entre 2002 e 2004. Pelo menos seis meses após o procedimento (388,2 ± 192,9 dias), os pacientes retornaram para acompanhamento clínico, eletro e ecocardiográfico. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1(n = 8; 33,3 por cento), ainda com sinais ECG de SAE, e Grupo 2 (n = 16; 66,6 por cento), com onda P normal. Realizou-se análise multivariada de variáveis clínicas, ECG, ecocardiográficas e hemodinâmicas. RESULTADOS: A área valvar mitral (AVM) aumentou de 1,12 ± 0,15 para 1,9 ± 0,35cm² imediatamente após o procedimento (p< 0,0001), e diminuiu para 1,89 ± 0,41cm² no acompanhamento (p = NS). O diâmetro do átrio esquerdo variou de 4,8 ± 0,29 cm pré-procedimento para 4,28 ± 0,48cm na reavaliação (p = 0,0001). A duração da onda P diminuiu de 0,12 ± 0,01 seg pré-VMP para 0,09 ± 0,02 seg no controle (p = 0,0001). Uma AVM > 1,7 cm² no acompanhamento foi o único preditor independente de onda P normal após VMP (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: Alterações ECG sugestivas de SAE regridem na maioria dos pacientes com estenose mitral e RS submetidos a VMP com sucesso. Uma AVM > 1,7 cm² no controle tardio é preditor independente para essa normalização.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential clinical, echocardiographic and/or hemodynamic predictors of the regression of electrocardiographic (ECG) signs of left atrial enlargement (LAE) after successful percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV). METHODS: We studied 24 patients (75 percent female, mean age =37.1 ± 11.9 years) with moderate to severe mitral stenosis (MS), sinus rhythm (SR) and ECG signs of LAE who underwent successful PMV between 2002 and 2004. At least 6 months after the procedure (388.2 ± 192.9 days), the patients returned for clinical, ECG and echocardiographic follow-up. They were then divided in 2 groups: patients of group 1 (n = 8; 33.3 percent) still had ECG signs of LAE, and patients of group 2 (n = 16; 66.6 percent), had normal P wave. A multivariate analysis of clinical, ECG, echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables was performed. RESULTS: The mitral valve area (MVA) increased from 1.12 ± 0.15 cm2 to 1.9 ± 0.35 cm² immediately after the procedure (p < 0.0001) and decreased to 1.89 ± 0.41 cm² at follow-up (p = NS). Left atrium diameter decreased from 48 ± 2.9mm pre-procedure to 43 ± 4.8mm at follow-up (p = 0.0001). P-wave duration decreased from 0.12 ± 0.01 sec pre-PMV to 0.09 ± 0.02 sec at follow-up (p = 0.0001). An MVA > 1.7 cm² at follow-up was the only independent predictor of a normal P-wave after PMV (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: ECG changes suggestive of LAE regress in the majority of patients with MS and sinus rhythm that undergo a successful PMV. An MVA>1.7 cm² at late follow-up was found to be an independent predictor of such normalization.

Mitral stenosis and percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (part 1).

Although the incidence and severity of rheumatic mitral stenosis have declined in developed countries, the disease is still highly prevalent in many of the poorer and most densely populated areas of the globe, remaining a major public health issue and reflecting the socioeconomic status of the region. In the last 30 years, mitral stenosis therapy has undergone a reorientation with the introduction of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. This manuscript is an updated review of percutaneous dilation of mitral stenosis in its different aspects, encompassing traditional techniques, technical innovations, the most significant case loads worldwide, an analysis of the procedure as well as immediate and late outcomes.

Randomized comparison between Inoue balloon and metallic commissurotome in the treatment of rheumatic mitral stenosis: immediate results and 6-month and 3-year follow-up.

The metallic commissurotome (MC) technique is a cheaper alternative to the Inoue balloon (IB) technique for percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV). There are no randomized trials comparing these techniques with longer follow-up of the patients. The objective of this study was to compare the immediate results and short- and medium-term follow-up of PMV using either the IB or the MC technique. Fifty patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis were randomly assigned to PMV using the IB (n = 27) or the MC (n = 23) technique. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding baseline clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic data. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up were done 6 months and 3 years after the procedure. The success rate was 100% in the IB group and 91.3% in the MC group (P = 0.15); two patients in the latter group developed mitral regurgitation grade 3/4, requiring elective surgery. The mean final mitral valve area was bigger in the MC group (2.17 +/- 0.13 vs. 2.00 +/- 0.36 cm2; P = 0.04), but after 6-month and 3-year follow-up, this difference was no longer significant (2.06 +/- 0.27 vs. 1.98 +/- 0.38 cm2, P = 0.22, and 1.86 +/- 0.32 vs. 1.87 +/- 0.34 cm2, P = 0.89, respectively). This finding suggests valve stretching as an important mechanism of valve dilation with the MC. Three patients in the MC group and two patients in the IB group (P = 0.65) developed mitral valve restenosis; one of them underwent repeat PMV and the other four, all asymptomatic, were clinically followed. PMV performed either with the IB or the MC technique is effective and provides excellent short- and medium-term outcomes regardless of the technique employed.

Misoprostol sublingual versus vaginal para indução do parto a termo / Sublingual versus vaginal misoprostol for labor induction of term pregnancies

OBJETIVO: comparar efetividade e segurança de uso de comprimido sublingual de 25 æg de misoprostol com o comprimido vaginal de 25 æg do misoprostol na indução do parto com idade gestacional e > 37 semanas e colo uterino desfavorável. MÉTODOS: realizou-se ensaio clínico controlado e aleatorizado, não cego, na Maternidade Monteiro de Morais (CISAM-UPE), em Recife, no período de outubro de 2003 a fevereiro de 2004. Participaram do estudo 123 gestantes com idade gestacional e > 37 semanas, índice de Bishop <8 e fora de trabalho de parto, que apresentavam indicação para interrupção da gravidez. As gestantes aleatoriamente receberam 25 æg de misoprostol sublingual ou 25 æg de misoprostol vaginal a cada seis horas, até uma dose máxima de oito comprimidos (200 µg). Para verificar diferenças entre os grupos foram utilizados média, desvio padrão, teste t de Student, c² para tendência e teste de Mann-Whitney. O valor de significação estatística adotado foi de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença significativa entre o número de mulheres que tiveram parto por via vaginal no grupo do misoprostol sublingual e no vaginal (65,5 por cento vs 75,8 por cento, p=0,22). Também não foi significativa a diferença do intervalo de tempo entre o início da indução e o parto (24 horas e 42 minutos vs 20 horas e 37 minutos, respectivamente, p=0,11) entre os grupos. Os grupos, sublingual e vaginal, não mostraram também diferenças significativas em relação à síndrome de hiperestimulação (1,7 por cento vs 3,2 por cento, p=0,95), às incidências de mecônio (5,2 por cento vs 4,8 por cento, p=0,74), ao índice de Apgar <7 no quinto minuto (3,4 por cento vs 4,8 por cento, p=0,98) e a outros efeitos adversos. CONCLUSAO: o misoprostol na dose de 25 mg por via sublingual apresentou a mesma efetividade e segurança quando comparado com a mesma dose vaginal para indução do parto. O misoprostol por via sublingual parece representar mais uma opção a ser considerada na indução do parto

Dual anterior descending coronary artery associated with coronary artery disease.

The patient is a male with risk factors for coronary artery disease, who was referred for cardiac catheterization after acute myocardial infarction in the inferior wall. The patient underwent transluminal coronary angioplasty in the right coronary artery with successful stent implantation.